It joined Europe, Africa, and the Americas, creating enormous wealth and untold misery, and its hellish voyages continue to cast a shadow over our lives. Our normal picture of an 18th-century sailing vessel is of one filled with hopeful immigrants. Captain Challoner Ogle then distributed corpses up and down the African coast so local slave traders could hang them up as a message to sailors. This chapter covers the transition from slavery to emancipation after the Civil War. The first two chapters of the text are based on antiquity and references to Africans in the Bible. Upon parting, the king declared himself “well pleased” with the visit, which meant that more slaves would be forthcoming. Fascinating on the practical and psychological effects of slavery on everyone involved, including the slave ship owners in England or America. When order was restored, Snelgrave complained to the king about the threatening action of the guard. The crew of the Africa was taken entirely by surprise; they seemed to have no idea that an insurrection was afoot, literally beneath their very feet. Solomon Northup is deceived, kidnapped, abused, removed from family, deprived of identity, and beaten into a long, weary, unjustified submission. The shots did not deter them, so the sailors lowered their aim and fired into the mass of insurgents, killing one. DMCA Book Review “The Slave Ship: A Human History ” by Marcus Rediker ISBN 978-0—670-01823-9 2007, Viking Penguin It’s About the People and their Stories, not the Shipwreck “Hunger and oppression,” said Ellison, “had reduced him to a skeleton.” For three days he struggled madly to free himself from the fetters, causing the chains to rub “the skin from several parts of his body.” The neck collar “found its way to the bone.” The “unfortunate man,” said Ellison, had become “a most shocking spectacle.” After five weeks in the two vessels, “having experienced inconceivable misery in both, he was relieved by death.” Ellison was one of the sailors charged to throw his body from the fore-top into the river. Colson Whitehead’s The Underground Railroad tells the story of Cora, a runaway slave who travels from state to state on railroad cars physically under the ground of the American South. In The Slave Ship, Rediker highlights the horrific conditions endured by slaves transported from Africa to America between 1700 and 1807 aboard the “slave ships.” According to Rediker, slavery was especially profitable in the eighteenth century, and Great Britain and America moved millions of … He knew navigation, as the mates of slavers had to be ready to assume command in the not uncommon event of the captain’s death. The book features three strong youthful characters, which makes it appealing to a middle school age group. Summary. A Young People’s History Of The United States - Chapter 2: ... American slavery treated slaves as less than human. Bartholomew Roberts was a young Welshman who sailed as second mate aboard the Princess, a 140-ton Guineaman out of London bound for Sierra Leone. Upon the death of Mistress Wagar and the subsequent division of property, Thompson's family is bought by Mr. George Thomas, "a cruel man" (p. 28 ). ‘The Atlantic slave trade’ charts the increased demand for slave labor in Portugal and the Christian justification of African enslavement. Snelgrave soon noticed “a little Negroe-Child tied by the Leg to a Stake driven in the Ground.” Two African priests stood nearby. Colson Whitehead’s The Underground Railroad tells the story of Cora, a runaway slave who travels from state to state on railroad cars physically under the ground of the American South. Because of his slave status, Washington is ignorant of his exact date of birth, his father’s identity, and his family ancestry. If playback doesn't begin shortly, try restarting your device. The armed sailors took a guarded position “opposite to them, at the distance of about twenty paces” as Snelgrave presented gifts to a delighted king. “This operation being over,” Ellison explained, “they were confined and taken below.” Apparently all survived. Excerpts from Slave Narratives - Chapter 1 Edited by Steven Mintz - University of Huston: TST Site Index: Organized by Jon K. Møller ... by assaulting a ship's crew, and murdering them all, if possible: whereof, we have almost every year some instances, in one European ship or other, that is filled with slaves. Rediker states that he chose this approach because he believes it reveals the complexity of… Summary and Analysis Chapter 2 Summary. The latter were armed with bows and arrows, swords, and barbed lances. Through the use of haunting tales and gruesome evidence of living conditions, Marcus Rediker describes "the most magnificent drama in the last thousand years" (Rediker 4). The slave ship Amistad set sail from Havana on July 2, 1839, on a routine delivery of human cargo. When the young woman came aboard the Liverpool slave ship, the Hudibras, in Old Calabar in 1785, she instantly captured everyone’s attention. In this way, it is markedly different from Chapter 1 which, as previously discussed, uses the more objective tone of travel writing. A summary of Part X (Section1) in Booker T. Washington's Up From Slavery. Roberts stayed upon deck to lead the battle and encourage his men, but took a fatal volley of grapeshot in the throat. Whether or not Equiano was born in Africa, he certainly knew some version of a slave ship experience, and his writing has a sharper edge because of it. As soon as he told the story of child and mother to a Mr. Studely, a slave-owner, “he bought the Mother and her Son, and was a kind Master to them.”. Explore the affect it had on African societies. In National 5 History the slave trade made British ports wealthy but conditions for slaves were appalling. Excerpt — From Chapter One: “Life, Death, and Terror in the Slave Trade” Sarah When the young woman came aboard the Liverpool slave ship, the Hudibras, in Old Calabar in 1785, she instantly captured everyone’s attention. Summary. Once the crew had regained control of the situation, Captain Watkins reimposed order. As the Africa, a Bristol guineaman captained by William Watkins, lay at anchor in Old Calabar River in the late 1760s, its prisoners were busy down in the hold of the vessel, hacking off their chains as quietly as they could. A large number of them managed to get free of the fetters, lift off the gratings, and climb onto the main deck. Chapter One: Life, Death, and Terror in the Slave Trade The book Reversing Sail by Michael A. Gomez, focuses on the history of the African Diaspora. This presented a dilemma. Among them is a slave named Arthur. He could think of himself as the savior of families as he destroyed them. Her sentences are disjointed as is the narrative and the events. The Narrative details all four stages of the African slave trade: Freedom Crossing is a drama-filled book about a runaway slave finding his way to Canada. But soon he decided that he would indeed sail under the black flag. A few days into its voyage, the 53 African captives aboard would seize control and steer a new course - one that took them to freedom and ultimately into history. Tap to unmute. My Bondage and My Freedom is an autobiographical slave narrative written by Frederick Douglass and published in 1855. Dim light reveals women screaming, and children crying. In the first chapter of The Black Atlantic, Gilroy establishes his framework. Instant downloads of all 1415 LitChart PDFs (including The Life of Olaudah Equiano). 12 Years a Slave: Chapter 5. His mates honored a longstanding pledge and dumped his still-armed body overboard. When the Africa had gathered its full cargo of 310 slaves and the seamen prepared to sail away from the Bight of Biafra, Captain Watkins decided that the cook’s punishment should continue, so he made arrangements with Captain Joseph Carter to send him aboard the Nightingale, where he was once again chained to the main top and given the same meager allowance of food and water. Captain Snelgrave had already bought her without realizing the connection. The Princess was captured in June 1719 by Howell Davis and a rowdy gang of pirates, who asked Roberts and his mates on the prize vessel if any of them wished to join “the brotherhood.” Roberts hesitated at first, knowing that the British government had in recent years left the corpses of executed pirates dangling at the entrance of one Atlantic port city after another. everything you need to sharpen your knowledge of Slave Ship. In The Slave Ship, award-winning historian Marcus Rediker draws on thirty years of research in maritime archives to create an unprecedented history of these vessels and the human drama acted out on their rolling decks. Chapter Four: Olaudah Equiano: “Astonishment and Terror” Afterward, Captain Evans and other officers suspected that “Sarah” and her mother (who was also on board) were somehow involved, even though the women had not joined the men in the actual uprising. Introduction; 5.1 Confronting the National Debt: The Aftermath of the French and Indian War; 5.2 The Stamp Act and the Sons and Daughters of Liberty; 5.3 The Townshend Acts and Colonial Protest; 5.4 The Destruction of the Tea and the Coercive Acts; 5.5 Disaffection: The First Continental Congress and American Identity; Key Terms; Summary; Review Questions; Critical Thinking Questions This Study Guide consists of approximately 39 pages of chapter summaries, quotes, character analysis, themes, and more - As Tom begins the dreaded task of whitewashing, he sees Ben Rogers approaching. But for the nimble singer and dancer the sailors had the highest esteem. The Slave Trade was a moment in human history that is almost unparalleled in suffering. LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in 12 Years a Slave, which you can use to track the themes throughout the work. Members of the committee also collaborated with the Choices Program, a curricular develop- The slave ship Amistad set sail from Havana on July 2, 1839, on a routine delivery of human cargo. The Slave Trade was a moment in human history that is almost unparalleled in suffering. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. Info. When Ben teases Tom about not being able to go swimming and being forced to work, Tom points out that it is not exactly work if he is enjoying himself, and he makes a great show of applying whitewash and then stepping back to admire his own effects. A modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality study guides that feature detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, quotes, and essay topics. Because the ship is in the middle of the ocean, it does not belong to only one nation – Gilroy … Sarah had likely used her privileged position as a “favourite,” and her great freedom of movement that this entailed, to help with planning and perhaps even to pass tools to the men, allowing them to hack off their shackles and manacles. Chapter Ten: The Long Journey of the Slave Ship Brookes The ship stops on the way to New Orleans, picking up four more slaves. She was sold at Grenada, with almost three hundred others, in 1787. Conclusion: Endless Passage. MyPlaylist As early as 1740, the British merchant Malachy Postlethwayt, arguing for parliamentary subsidies for slave trade as essential to English prosperity, described the trade's "triangular nature." the meaning of black history 1 introduction 2 course requirements 3 research paper requirement 6 optional book review assignment 7 african-american history reading list 8 chapter one: the african background 18 terms for week one 19 the origin of race 20 the "golden age" of african history 21 12 Years a Slave is a testimony to the power of the human spirit and the enduring determination of hope. Yet the torture was not over. Gomez approaches the Diaspora with distinct information beginning with the “Old” World Dimensions. Summary. Rediker, Marcus. When she went ashore she carried African traditions of dance, song, and resistance with her. There is a great and terrifying sense of bodies crammed into a tight space, the cargo hold of a ship. He could imagine a humane outcome for two as he delivered hundreds to a plantation fate of endless toil and premature death. She was “universally respected by the ship’s company.”. When Kunta misses his family, the reader knows them well and knows what impact his capture will have on the village. Persuaded by a fellow slave named Caesar, Cora escapes from the Georgia plantation where she was born and travels north, riding in the boxcar of a secret underground train. Learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of Up From Slavery and what it means. Captain Watkins suspected that one of his own sailors was involved in the plot, that he had “encouraged the slaves to rise.” He accused an unnamed black seaman, the ship’s cook, of assisting the revolt, “of having furnished them with the cooper’s tools, in order that they might knock themselves out of irons.” Ellison doubted this, calling it “supposition only, and without any proof of the fact.”. Despite his misgivings, Mr. Shelby decides to sell Tom, a faithful and honest man, and Harry, the son of his wife’s favorite slave, Eliza. She was allowed to stay on the vessel longer than most, probably with the special permission of Captain Evans. The History of American Slavery The Psychological Effect of Slavery on the Slave Owner Blogging DuBois’s Black Reconstruction, chapter 3: “The Planter.” When Davis was killed by Portuguese slave traders not long afterwards, “Black Bart,” as he would be called, was elected captain of his ship, and soon became the most successful sea-robber of his age. African drums play in the background, punctuated by screaming. British ships carried manufactured goods to West Africa, where they were exchanged with local rulers for slaves. Rediker approaches this book in a four prong approach. The minimal remains of the black seaman were “immediately devoured by the sharks.”, © Marcus Rediker 2014 | Press & Media | Marcus Rediker may be contacted at contact@MarcusRediker.com The Slave Ship by Marcus Rediker is a scholarly story of the Middle Passage. The crew, laughing, wants to go to America to sell the cargo. Canoed by escorts a quarter mile upriver, Snelgrave found on his arrival the king “sitting on a Stool, under some shady Trees,” with about fifty courtiers and a large troop of warriors nearby. Slave-ship sailors like Butterworth usually detested the captain’s favorites as they were required to be snitches. 6-1-2008 The Slave Ship: A Human History Marcus Rediker University of Pittsburgh, red1@pitt.edu Fred L. McGhee Austin Community College, fmcghee@flma.org Follow this and additional works at:https://scholarworks.umass.edu/adan This Book Reviews is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. The Slave Ship, originally titled Slavers Throwing overboard the Dead and Dying—Typhon coming on, is a painting by the British artist J. M. W. Turner, first exhibited at The Royal Academy of Arts in 1840. You're signed out. The Power of Music. More currently, the 2010 discovery of a new human species, ... “Rather than a powerful ship charting a straight course toward some pre-determined destination, ... 14 thoughts on “Sapiens – Chapter 1 (Summary & Review)” mama bear shirt. Voices permeate the darkness to indicate the ship is sailing. The child was “a fine Boy about 18 Months old,” but he was in distress, his body covered with flies and vermin. Summary: Chapter I: A Slave Among Slaves Booker T. Washington recounts his childhood as a slave in Franklin County, Virginia. She had beauty, grace, and charisma: “Sprightliness was in her every gesture, and good nature beamed in her eyes.” When the African musicians and instruments came out on the main deck twice a day for “dancing,” the exercising of the enslaved, she “appeared to great advantage, as she bounded over the quarter-deck, to the rude strains of African melody,” observed a smitten sailor named William Butterworth. Among them is a slave named Arthur. There are the smell of unwashed bodies and excrement, the crack of a whip, and the moans and screams of terrified people. Soon the enslaved men on the Hudibras erupted in insurrection. Slave ships are, after all, a far larger part of our history than we like to think. It makes the transition to the horrors of the slave ship even more effective. Collections >> North American Slave Narratives >> Document Menu >> Summary Charles Ball Slavery in the United States: A Narrative of the Life and Adventures of Charles Ball, a Black Man, Who Lived Forty Years in Maryland, South Carolina and Georgia, as a Slave Under Various Masters, and was One Year in the Navy with Commodore Barney, During the Late War New York: Published by John S. Taylor, 1837. The Slave Dancer, by Paula Fox, winner of the Newbery Medal for most distinguished contribution to American literature for children in 1974, is a good choice. Thanks for exploring this SuperSummary Plot Summary of “The Slave Dancer” by Paula Fox. She writes fiction for children and novels for adults, and of all her books, The Slave Dancer has been the most widely praised and recognized. He offered “a bunch of sky coloured beads, worth about half a Crown Sterling.” The king accepted the offer. His motto as a pirate was, “A Merry Life and Short One.”, Roberts terrorized the African coast, sending the traders there “into a panick.” He so despised the brutal ways of slave-trading captains that he and his crew enacted a bloody ritual called the “distribution of justice,” dispensing a fearful lashing to any captured captain whose sailors complained of his usage. Amistad (1997): Movie Summary & Review. Snelgrave was surprised that the price was so cheap, as traders such as the king were usually “very ready, on any extraordinary occasion, to make their Advantage of us.”, The rest of the meeting consisted of eating and drinking the European food and liquor Snelgrave had brought for the king. Agitated, the slave captain asked the king, “What is the reason of the Child’s being tied in that manner?” The king replied, “It was to be sacrificed that night to his God Egbo, for his prosperity.” Upset by the answer, Snelgrave quickly ordered one of his sailors “to take the Child from the Ground, in order to preserve him.” As he did so, one of the king’s guards ran at the sailor, brandishing his lance, whereupon Snelgrave stood up and drew a pistol, halting the man in his tracks and sending the king into a fright and the entire gathering into a tumult. They “flogged them until from weariness they could flog no more.” Captain Watkins then turned to an instrument called “the tormentor,” a combination of the cook’s tongs and a surgeon’s instrument for spreading plasters. A series of rebellions led to greater systems of control in the South. The Slave Ship contains a thorough and eerie study of the transatlantic slave trade, the largest forced migration in the history of humanity. He uses examples from both African diasporic history and European modernity to make his argument. The slave ship Brookes was allowed to carry up to 454 enslaved people, allotting 6 feet (1.8 m) by 1 foot 4 inches (0.41 m) to each man; 5 feet 10 inches (1.78 m) by 1 foot 4 inches (0.41 m) to each woman, and 5 feet (1.5 m) by 1 foot 2 inches (0.36 m) to each child, but one slave trader alleged that before 1788, the ship carried as many as 609 enslaved Africans. Thomas lends Thompson to his son, Henry, who whips him "senseless," leaving him "unable to move without assistance" for five weeks (p. 31 ). In this book Marcus Rediker engages with the historiography of slavery by examining the ways in which slave ships shaped and were shaped by the slave trade. There are the smell of unwashed bodies and excrement, the crack of a whip, and the moans and screams of terrified people. LitCharts Teacher Editions. This book depicts competing approaches to reproductive health on plantations in the antebellum South, as black women and white men sought to enhance the health of enslaved mothers. Then, the room gradually fills with the sounds and odors of a slave ship. She was the best dancer and the best singer on the ship. But just as the mutineers “were forcing open the barricado door,” Ellison and seven of his crew mates “well armed with pistols and cutlasses” boarded from a neighboring slave ship, the Nightingale. Chapter Eight: The Sailor’s Vast Machine The novel, set in 1840, revolves around Jesse Boller, a teenage boy from New Orleans. The sailors fired again and killed two more. He commanded a small flotilla of ships and several hundred men who captured more than 400 merchant vessels over three years, the peak of “the golden age of piracy.” Roberts was widely known and just as widely feared. It describes what changed for free African Americans and what remained the same. They saw what was happening, mounted the barricado, and fired above the heads of the rebels, hoping to scare them into submission. The first two chapters of the text are based on antiquity and references to Africans in the Bible. Other sailors joined Butterworth in admiration, and indeed so did Captain Jenkin Evans, who selected this young woman and one other as his “favourites,” to whom he therefore “showed greater favours than the rest,” likely as small recompense for coerced sexual services. The Slave Dancer Summary. Snelgrave observed, “I think there never was a more moving sight than on this occasion, between the Mother and her little Son.”, The ship’s linguist then told the woman what had happened, that, as Snelgrave wrote, “I had saved her Child from being sacrificed.” The story made its way around the ship, through the more than three hundred captives on board, who soon “expressed their Thankfulness to me, by clapping their Hands, and singing a song in my praise.” Nor did the gratitude end there, as Snelgrave noted: “This affair proved of great service to us, for it gave them a good notion of White Men; so that we had no Mutiny in our Ship, during the whole Voyage.” Snelgrave’s benevolence continued upon arrival in Antigua. the meaning of black history 1 introduction 2 course requirements 3 research paper requirement 6 optional book review assignment 7 african-american history reading list 8 chapter one: the african background 18 terms for week one 19 the origin of race 20 the "golden age" of african history 21 Persuaded by a fellow slave named Caesar, Cora escapes from the Georgia plantation where she was born and travels north, riding in the boxcar of a secret underground train. The British Navy engaged two ex-slave ship sailors but had to sack them because they were "inhuman". “Ever lively! As the Europeans canoed back to the ship, Snelgrave turned to a member of his crew and said that they “should pitch on some motherly Woman [among the enslaved already on board] to take care of this poor Child.” The sailor answered, “He had already one in his Eye.” The woman “had much Milk in her Breasts.”, As soon as Snelgrave and the sailors came aboard, the very woman they had been discussing saw them with the little boy and ran “with great eagerness, and snatched him from out of the white Man’s Arms that held him.” It was the woman’s own child. Measuring 35 3⁄4 in × 48 1⁄4 in in oil on canvas, it is now on display at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. After ten more days, the black seaman had grown delirious. He uses the imagery of the ship, specifically the slave ship, to explain his idea of blackness as existing between two spaces, or as a hybrid identity. Chapter 9 leaps back in time to describe Caesar’s life on the Randall plantation. New York: Penguin Books, 2007. The naval vessel defeated the pirates, captured the survivors, and took them to the slave-trading fortress at Cape Coast Castle, where they were tried and hanged en masse. But on the other hand he considered the king and his people to be “fierce brutish Cannibals.” The captain resolved the dilemma by deciding to visit and to take with him a guard of ten sailors “well armed with Musquets and Pistols, which those savage People I knew were much afraid of.”. The Slave Ship, originally titled Slavers Throwing overboard the Dead and Dying—Typhon coming on, is a painting by the British artist J. M. W. Turner, first exhibited at The Royal Academy of Arts in 1840.. Chapter Nine: From Captives to Shipmates It is a great book to read while studying the pre-Civil War period and the Underground Railroad. As it moved across the Atlantic, the world changed. The original text plus a … Chapter Two: The Evolution of the Slave Ship Uncle Tom’s Cabin opens as Mr. Shelby and a slave trader, Mr. Haley, discuss how many slaves Mr. Shelby will need to sell in order to clear up his debt. HMS Swallow found and engaged Roberts in February 1722. “Sarah” survived the middle passage, and whatever punishment she may have gotten for her involvement in the insurrection. He selected eight of the mutineers “for an example.” They were tied up, and each sailor – the regular crew of the Africa, plus the eight from the Nightingale – were ordered to take a turn with the whip. Captain Watkins nonetheless ordered an iron collar – usually reserved for the most rebellious slaves – fastened around the neck of the black seaman. Paula Fox did not begin writing until 1962 when she was thirty-nine years old, but since then she has enjoyed critical acclaim and praise from the many readers of her books. Chapter Six: John Newton and the Peaceful Kingdom *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Their first target was the barricado door, behind which lay the weapons with which they might recover their lost freedom. The book tells the story of thirteen-year-old Jessie Bollier, who in 1840 is kidnapped from his New Orleans home and forced to play his fife on a slave ship while the slaves are "danced," or exercised… Naval officers on patrol spotted him and sailed in the opposite direction. Use this Freedom Crossing book study guide to review what you have read. It was not unusual, explained sailor Henry Ellison, for the enslaved to rise, whether because of a “love of liberty,” “ill treatment,” or “a spirit of vengeance.”. It was a fateful decision. The Slave Ship: A Human History. Perhaps the captain hoped that she would share other traits with the Biblical Sarah, who remained submissive and obedient to her husband during a long journey to Canaan. As the armed seamen pressed forward, a few of the rebels jumped overboard, some ran below, and others stayed on the deck to fight. The history of slavery spans many cultures, nationalities, and religions from ancient times to the present day. When the ship departs again for New Orleans, the captain appoints Robert as his waiter and Solomon as the overseer of the cooking department. The first book to focus solely on the health care of enslaved women, it argues for the critical role of reproductive medicine in the slave system of antebellum America. The drumming and screaming continues until the ship's bell tolls, and the slave ship sets sail. Forty years ago last autumn, Cornell University Press published a revised and expanded dissertation, The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture ().The massive tome encompassed 505 pages—it was a time when university presses were not as inclined … Slave Ship Sally, 1764-1765,” has also been exhib-ited at the John Brown House, the historic home of one of the ship’s owners, and at the Museum of Antigua and Barbuda in St. John’s, Antigua, the final destination of surviving captives from the ship. Beloved channels the experiences of her ancestors on the slave ship as if she were there. Slave-trading merchants responded to this threat to their profits by persuading Parliament to intensify naval patrols on the coast of West Africa. Ogle made it a special point to visit the King of Whydah, who had promised him fifty-six pounds of gold dust “If he should secure that rascal Roberts, who had long infested his coast.”, Captain William Snelgrave was gathering a cargo of Africans on the “Slave Coast” of Benin to transport to Antigua when, to his surprise, he was invited by the King of Ardra (also called Allada) to visit. This book traces the tale of the Slave from capture, through a torturous journey across Africa and the final chapter, transported across the Atlantic ending in the beginning of Hell to millions of Black Africans. The goal was to “massacre the ship’s company, and take possession of the vessel.” It was suppressed, bloody punishments dispensed. Measuring 35 3 ⁄ 4 in × 48 1 ⁄ 4 in (91 cm × 123 cm) in oil on canvas, it is now on display at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. Slavery occurs relatively rarely among hunter-gatherer populations because it develops under conditions of social stratification. I have read a lot about slavery and it is a subject of great interest for a history buff and understanding how the US was made. However, the social, economic, and legal positions of slaves have differed vastly in different systems of slavery in different times and places. Gomez approaches the Diaspora with distinct information beginning with the “Old” World Dimensions. Amistad is a recreation of the true story about an 1839 slave revolt on a small Spanish schooner, La Amistad, ironically the Spanish word for “friendship.”. Caesar. His justifications in place, he could even invoke the Golden Rule, which would soon become a central saying of the anti-slavery movement. It is this rich array of material that Marcus Rediker plumbs, more thoroughly than anyone else to date, for his masterly new book, “The Slave Ship: A Human History.”